Justified type-bar.



' P. H RICHARDS.

JUSTIFIED TYPE EARL APPLIOATION FILED MAILZZ, 1899. RENEWED AUG. 8, 1908.

gggfig g Patented May 25, 1909.

Fig 3.

V1339 EAH Mom EJEISAM 0 TO k Witnesses.-

niaiia iiin sitl flil ie rarnis r oiaiaiicia FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, 01 HA lt'Jl ORl), CONNEC'lIUUT, ASSIUNUR, BY MESNE ASSIGNMENTS, TO AMERICAN TYPOGRAPHIC CORPOR.\1ION, A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.

JUSTIFIED TYPE-BAR.

Application filed March 22, 1899, set-151m). 710,029.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS ll. RICHARDS,

a citizen of the United States, residing at Hartford, in the countyol' Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful linprm'eiiients in Justified Type-Bars, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to justified typo bars and a method of making the same, the main objectvbcing to efl'ect the justifieation or proper spacing of a plurality of separate types formed on a type-bar, this justification being accomplished by reducing the body of the bar in a substantially uniform manner throughout its length to elongate the bar from a normal unjustified length to a fixed justified length corresponding to the width of any given column of matter which it may be desired to compose.

In practice when type-bars are formed containing different groups of words or characters the different type-bars vary in length if the types are forn'ied thereon with- -()lli justifying them, and hence such typebars in order to bringthein up to a given standard of length must be elongated by different course be the difference between the fixed 30 ustified length representing the width of a l l l l i l l amounts, which amounts will of column of matter and the lengths of the shorterunjustified type-bars. Hence in practicing my improvements in the art of justifying-type-bars althoi-igh the bars will be reduced in cross-section in a substantially uniform manner throughout the lengths thereof yet the reduction of the cr0ss-section of some of the bars will be less than for others.

The reduction of the cross-section of an unjustified type-bar, for the purpose of elongating the latter and making it of a predeteri'niiied standard length, may be effected in different ways, but I prefer to reduce the cross-section of such a bar by subjecting the body portion thereof to uniform. compres sion substantially throughout its length, this compression being effected preferably by roll-ingthe body of the bar by means of one or more reduring-rollers, which will 0perate upon the whole length of the side of the bar and reduce the eross-seetionef the body portion to the same extent; at all points in the length thereof.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Renewed August 8, 1908. Serial No. 447,590.

My present improvement ployed for the Patented May 25, 1909.

may be empurpose of a type bar on which the. types are preferably f'oriiied on one of the l such a manner oiig edges thereof, in as to be separated froinone another by dirisioirspaces extending-to the bases of t iiiiconiicct their bases merge in A type-bar of this constriictioi'i is peculiarly adapted to be justified ei'it ii'iventioii, as the types are from one siipportin according to my presv separated body of the type another, and the i they rise may be bar from wliiel reduced in cross-section below the types substantially without formed on such bar. that as the types have extremely with the length of the body as these small rated from one another 1 of the bar may be manner-ms by uniformly throughout its length distorting the types previously The reason for this is are small members and small bases as compared of the bar, and are entirely sepaaterally the body reduced in a uniform compressing it--a.nd if only members the bar is so reduced or coinpressedas is the ease in the av reduction or large body of such the based sult will such types present i11stance--the effect portion will. not extend above ine of the types, and hence the re be to widen the spaces between and thus adjust their positions, them in the line, Without elongatiei'wise distorting the types them- Tn the drawings accompanying and formt he with my present invention.

elevation elevation respecti rel y illustrating the appearance of the same bar alt lion and itention justified in accordance wi Flg. (3 is a side elevation of a pair for accordance l ig. 2 is a side of the same. Pig. 3 is an endof the same. Figs. t and 5 are a plaiiai'id a side elevation typecross-secth my iiiit; has been reduced in of reducingrollers for elongating or drawingout an unjustified type-bar. 'a front elevation of the same.

plan of a different 1 Fig. 7 is Fig. 8 is a group of unjustified type-bars oengths; and Fig. 9 is a similar'view justifying type- "bars of different kinds, but it is intended particularly for the justification of compression of the illustrating the appearance of the same after being elon 'ated to form type-bars of nniform lengt Similar characters designate like parts in all the figures of the drawings.

Theunjnstitied type-bars which are to be i l l afterward subjected to reduction for the,

T and to correspomhngly elongate it to the pur ose of justifying them may be produced by forming the successive types on type-bar blanks of any suitable lengths and afterward removing or cutting off those portions of the blanks on which types are not formedi but I prefer to form these types on a continuous type-bar blank or rod from which unjustified type-bars of suitable lengths may be severed as desired after the formation of a suitable number of types on the continuous rod, as indicated inFig. 1.

The body of each type-bar is designated herein in a general way by B, and the types formed thereon by 94-. These types may be formed in any suitable manner, but preterably substantially as shown and described in the application of Darien \V. Dodson, hereinbetore mentionedthat is to say, each type may be formed on the edge of a type bar by a suitable die in such a manner as to leave a space, such as 91, between it; and the adjacent type, this space extending down to the base-line of the type, which base-line will usually be common to a whole series or line of types located on the edge of the type-bar.

In the prior Dodson appli -ation the manner in which the types are formed is, brielly stated, as follows: A type-bar segment is first separated from the body of the bar by making a cut, such as H1, in the edge of the .bar, and then bcveling oti the sides of the type-bar blank, as at. 92 and J3, after which a suitable die maybe brought down on to the type-blank segn'ient and the proper type, 94, formed thereon, some of the metal displaced by con'ipression being forced into the division-space 91 to partly fill the latter. Obviously, now, the types so formed will be entirely separated from on'e another from their faces to their bases, and as the sides of the lower portions of the types are beveled off, as shown at 92 and 93, and lie within the walls of the body, the parallel fiat sides of the body portion B may be subjected to compression to reduce theeross-seetion of such body portion Without distorting the previously-formed types themselves In fact the opposite sides of thebody of this type-bar may be subjected to compression throughout. their lengths and the body por tion of the bar correspondingly reduced without compressing the sides ot the type, and the ettect oi the compression will be carried substantially no farther than the base-line, which line is indicated herein by 96. Of course it should be understood that this uniform reduction of the cross-section of the body B of the type-bar may be efiect ed in other ways, but i deem it desirable to accomplish it by rolling the bar, and hence I have illustrated herein a pair of reducingrollers 7'---r, between which the unjustiiied type-bar may be subjected to compression to reduce he body of the bar in cross-section desired amount. The extent of this elongation will in all cases be determined by the length of the unjustilied hype-bar and will be greater for short unju tilied bars than it will be for longer ones. in every case, however, whether the bar is to be reduced in cross-section little or much the amount of the reduction and consequent elongation will be regulated to bring the iinished justitied type-bar in e\ery case to a predetermined standard of uniform length.

The ditierence between the appei rance of an unjust'itied type-bar and-a justilied type bar is clearly illustrated in l, 2, dz, and 5, by referring to which it will be seen that the division-spaces 91 in Figs. 1 and 2 are not so wide as in Figs. -t and 5, in which by. reason of the elongation of'the type-bar the 7 types have been somewhat spread out, and hence the spaces between them widened. This dittcrence is indicated clearly in Fig. i, in which the width oteach space is repre sented by two transverse lines, whereas in Fig. l the single line shows that although the types are separatetfl they are very nearly in contact. Moreover, in Fig. l. the sides of the body portion B are clearly distinguished from the upper edges of the oblique faces 9i and 92- whereas in Fig. t a single line at each side of the bar indicates that atterlhe compression of the type-bar the side faces of the body and the uppenedges of these blank 'l aces are substantially merged. Thus the extent to which the length of each bar is increased. is proportionate to the amount that that particular bar falls short of the width of the columnand the space between each pair of consecutive types in the justi lied bar will bear substantially the same re lation to the space asit was before justitica tion as the length oi the justified bar bears to the unjustified bar. That is to say, all the spaces will be increased in substantially the proportion that the unjustified bar is elongated when brought to the final or justitied condition. 7 these improved type-bars in a column the column will of course be shortened, as indicated in Fig. t), by an amount corresponding to the aggregate reduction of the bars in thickness, as will be evident by. comparing Figs. 8 and 9. While this reduction in the length of the column whena large number ln setting up a series or bar is subjected for the purpose of increasing or equalizing its length to the Width of the column does not n'iaterially change the height of the typebar since almost all of the mechanical effect on the bar is confined to the stretching of it endwise as the result of reducing by a small amount the thickness of the bar body, that is. the portion of the typebar lying below the types.-

While 1. have illustrated herein extremely simple means for eti'ecting the necessary substantially uniform reduction in crosssection of an unjustilied type-bar to produce therefrom a proper elongated or justilied typebar, it is of course to be understood that in actual practice a snitably-organized mechanism will. be employed for the purpose, and such an organized mechanism, while not illustrated or describedherein, is shown, de-

scribed, and claimed in a companion appli-,

cation, tiled by me April 9, 1900 Serial No. 1:2,ltil. There is a further feature embodied in the practice of the present method of justilication which results in certain adv-am tagcs. ln some methods of justifying the spaces between types are altered and oftentimes made to ditt'er in width for the pur' pose of filling out the line of compositionwith the result that the printed composition "when printed as a whole presents to the eye a broken, discontinuous form in which the wider blank-spaces are unpleasingly prominent and bear too great a proportion to the mass of the printed characters. [11 carrying the 'nesent method into eliect, however, it is evident that while these type-separating spaces are made wider they are all widened together in like proportion, and, moreover,

the spaces between the lines are diminished as a result of the reduction in thickness of lied type-bar having thereon a line of types,-

which consists in nnit'orn'ily elongating the unjustified type-bar througl'iout its length by reducing the cros section of the body of the bar.

The method old-justifying an unjustified type-bar having thereon a lineof types, which consists in uniformly eloi'igating the unjustified typcbar by subjectin the body of the .bar to compression siibstant'ially throughout its length and thereby reducing the cross-section of the bar.

3. The method of justifying an unjustilied type-bar having on one edge thereof a line of types, which consists in subjecting the body of theimjnstilied bar to compre sion substantially throughout: its entire length and thereby reducing the cross-section of the bar substantially uniformly and elongating the bar.

-l-. The method of jnstit'ying an unjustified type-bar ha ring thereon a line of types, which consists in rolling the body of the bar from end to end of the line and thereby elongating the latter.

5. The method of jirstitying an unjustitied type-bar having tl'iereon a line of types, which consists in rolling thebody ot' the bar to a uniform reduced i -rosssection throughout tothereby elongate the bar.

(3. The n'iethod o1" justifying an unjustilied type-bar having thereon a line of types separated by transverse spaces, which consists in rolling the body ol the bar below the bases of the types only and thereby elongating the bar and reducing the cross-sew tion of the body of the bar below the ba cline of said types.

7. The method ol jnstitying an unjustilied type-bar baring on one edge thereon a line o'l types separated by transverse spacer in the edge of the bar, which consists in rolling the sides of the body of the bar below the bases of thetypes only and thereby reducing tihe (fl'()-' -Ftt'tl()ll ot the body of the bar below the bascdinc of said types and elongating the bar. 7 1

S. lhe methodoi' justifying a type-bar having thereon a line of type, which consists in modifying the cross-section of the type carrying body ol the bar substantially uniformly throughout its length to thereby elongate the bar.

ft. The method of justifying a typebar baring thereon a line of type separated tronr one another by spaces extending to the base lines ot the bodies thereof. which consists in modit'ying the cross-section oi: the entire body oi the bar below said base lines sub stantially uniformly throughout the length of the bar to thereby elongate the bar.

10. The method of justifying a type-bar having thereon a line of type separated from one another by spaces extending to the base lines of the bodies thereof, which consists in modifying the cross-section of the entire body of the bar below said base lines substantially unit'orn'ily throughout its length and thereby elongating the unjustified typebar.

1.1. The method of justifying an unjustilicd t ype-bar having thereon a line of types separated from one another by spaces extending to a common base line of the bod ies thereof, which consists in modifying the cross-section of the entire body of the bar below said common base line substantially uniformly throughout its length. and thereby elongating the uujustitied bar.

112. The method of justifying an unjustitied type-bar having thereon a line of type 'eparated from one another by spaces extending to the base lines of the bodies thereof, which consists in modifying the cross section of the entire body of the bar below said base lines substantially uniformly throughout its length without distorting said types. and thereby elongating the unjustified typebar.

13. The method of justifying an unjustiiittl type-bar having thereon a line of type separated from one another by spaces extending to the base lines of the bodies thereof, whichconsists in modifying the crosssection of the entire body of the bar below such base lines substantially uniformly throughout its length, thereby increasing the widths of said spaces and elongating the unjustified type-bar without distorting the types.

15+; The method of justifying an unjustitied typo-bar ha ring thereon a line of types the faces whereof are of less dimension in height than the dimension of the thickness of the bar, which consists in elongating the unjustified type-bar by reducing the dimension of the thickness of the body thereof substai'itially uniformly throughout its entire length.

15. The method of justifying an unjustitied type-bar having thereon a line of types, the faces of which are of less height than the thickness of such unjustitied bar, which consists in rolling the bar and thereby elongating the line of types.

16. The method of justifying an unjustitiedtypebar having thereon a line of types separated by transverse spaces, the dimen sions of the height of the face of each type being less than the dimension of the thick ness of said bar, which consists in rolling the body of the bar below the bases of the types and thereby elongating the bar and reducing the cross-sectional thickness of the typecarrying portion of the body of the bar below the base line of the types but not to a thicknes of a less dimension than that of the l'ieight of the types.

17. That improvement in the art of typebar justification which consists in uniformly reduein the thickness over the entire length of the type carrying body of each of a series of typebars. having thereon a line of type, and eflecting the elongation thereof to a standard length, and also thereby uniformly increasing the spaces upon each bar throughout the length thereof.

18. That improvement 'in the art of typehar justification which consists in uniformly reducing the thickness orer the entire length of the type carrying body of aty )ebar, having thereon a. line of type, and e ecting the elongation thereof and also thereby uniformly. increasing the spacesthroughout the length of the bar.

liRAN CIS H. RICHARDS.

WVitnesses:

Finn). J. Donn, t". S. Winch. 

